One Word Substitution; Active and Passive Voice; Direct and Indirect Speech

One Word Substitution

Replace a sentence/phrase with a single precise word

Phrase	One Word
One who lives alone	Recluse / Hermit
Government by one person	Autocracy / Dictatorship
Government by the people	Democracy
Government by the rich	Plutocracy
Government by the military	Militocracy
One who hates women	Misogynist
One who hates men	Misandrist
One who hates human beings	Misanthrope
Study of old age	Gerontology
Study of coins	Numismatics
Study of flags	Vexillology
Science of handwriting	Graphology
One who can speak many languages	Polyglot
Fear of heights	Acrophobia
Fear of water	Hydrophobia
Fear of crowds	Agoraphobia
Fear of darkness	Nyctophobia
Fear of fire	Pyrophobia
Fear of spiders	Arachnophobia
Fear of closed spaces	Claustrophobia
One who travels on foot	Pedestrian
A person who tours foreign countries	Peripatetic
A person who is absent-minded	Distrait
One who collects stamps	Philatelist
One who collects coins	Numismatist
Killing of father	Patricide
Killing of mother	Matricide
Killing of self	Suicide
Killing of brother	Fratricide
Killing of king	Regicide
Killing of infants	Infanticide
A place where birds are kept	Aviary
A place where bees are kept	Apiary
A place where fish are kept	Aquarium
A place where dead bodies are kept	Mortuary
A place where wine is stored	Cellar
Happening every two years	Biennial
Happening every year	Annual
Happening every day	Diurnal
Happening twice a year	Biannual
One who eats both plants and animals	Omnivore
One who eats only plants	Herbivore
One who eats only meat	Carnivore
Words given by a dying person	Last will and testament
A decision that cannot be taken back	Irrevocable
Medicine that kills pain	Analgesic / Painkiller
That which cannot be read	Illegible
That which cannot be heard	Inaudible
That which is seen	Visible
Work/art that cannot be imitated	Inimitable
An error in printing	Erratum
Belief in one God	Monotheism
Belief in many Gods	Polytheism
Belief in no God	Atheism

Active and Passive Voice

14.1 Rules

Active Voice: Subject does the action

Subject → Verb → Object "Ram ate the apple."

Passive Voice: Subject receives the action

Object → Helping verb + V3 → by Subject

"The apple was eaten by Ram."

14.2 Conversion Table

Tense	Active Structure	Passive Structure
Simple Present	V1/V1+s	am/is/are + V3
Simple Past	V2	was/were + V3
Simple Future	will + V1	will be + V3
Present Continuous	am/is/are + V-ing	am/is/are + being + V3
Past Continuous	was/were + V-ing	was/were + being + V3
Present Perfect	has/have + V3	has/have + been + V3
Past Perfect	had + V3	had + been + V3
Future Perfect	will have + V3	will have been + V3

14.3 Key Points

Object of active becomes subject of passive
Subject of active becomes object of passive (placed after "by")
The verb changes to be + past participle (V3)
If the subject is "someone/they/people" → it's often omitted in passive
Pronoun changes: I→me, he→him, she→her, they→them, we→us

Direct and Indirect Speech

15.1 Changes When Converting

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
"I am going"	He said that he was going
"I will come"	He said that he would come
"I can do it"	He said that he could do it
"I have done"	He said that he had done
"I did"	He said that he had done
"I am"	He said that he was
"I will be"	He said that he would be
this	that
these	those
here	there
now	then
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
last night	the night before

15.2 Reporting Verbs

For questions: asked, inquired, questioned For commands: ordered, commanded, told, asked For requests: requested, begged For statements: said, told, stated, declared

15.3 Question Sentences in Indirect Speech

Yes/No questions → use "if" or "whether"
- "Are you ready?" → He asked if I was ready.

WH-questions → keep the question word

"Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.